Books. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. Philip Auslander. Psychology Press, 1999 - Art - 179 pages. In Liveness Philip Auslander addresses what may be the single most important question facing all kinds of performance today: What is the status of live performance in a culture dominated by mass media? By looking at specific ... Mar 25, 2020 · This page shows how to configure liveness, readiness and startup probes for containers. The kubelet uses liveness probes to know when to restart a container. For example, liveness probes could catch a deadlock, where an application is running, but unable to make progress. Restarting a container in such a state can help to make the application ... Oct 6, 2020 · Liveness probe. This is for detecting whether the application process has crashed/deadlocked. If a liveness probe fails, Kubernetes will stop the pod, and create a new one. Readiness probe. This is for detecting whether the application is ready to handle requests. If a readiness probe fails, Kubernetes will leave the pod running, but won't send ...Feb 6, 2024 · Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of containers inside the pods using the livenessProbe and the readinessProbe. The livenessProbe serves as a diagnostic check to confirm if the container is alive. On the other hand, readinessProbe ensures that the container is healthy to serve incoming traffic. When the livenessProbe fails, Kubernetes ... Liveness is a complex and contested term that traverses performance, media, and music studies. It refers to the co-presence of performers and spectators, but also to the ideology, technology, and ontology of performance in a changing media environment.Amazon Rekognition Liveness Detection in Angular. AWS recently launched the Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness feature. This new feature helps deter fraud in facial verification. With AWS Amplify you could easily plug Face liveness detection on your Android/IOS/Browser. It currently supports the below frameworks:4 days ago · Definitions of liveness. noun. the property of being animated; having animal life as distinguished from plant life. synonyms: aliveness, animateness. see more. Apr 24, 2019 · Liveness assurance methods aim at protecting biometrics devices from such spoof attacks. When a biometric is scanned, various approaches are implemented to determine the liveness of this biometric. Measuring heartbeats, estimating 2D and 3D face proportions, evaluating the quality of scanned faces and detecting heat radiating from scanned ... Liveness Probe. A liveness probe checks if the container in which it is configured is still running. If the liveness probe fails, the kubelet kills the container, which will be subjected to its restart policy. Set a liveness check by configuring the template.spec.containers.livenessprobe stanza of a pod configuration. Readiness ProbeJun 8, 2023 · Kubernetes uses liveness probes to determine when to restart a container. Readiness probes determine whether a container can receive traffic. These probes can be used to delay sending traffic to a new instance until an application has completed tasks. Startup probes detect when an application inside a container finishes its initialization. live 1 (lĭv) v. lived, liv·ing, lives v.intr. 1. To be alive; exist. 2. To continue to be alive: lived through a bad accident. 3. To support oneself; subsist: living on rice and fish; lives on a small inheritance. 4. To reside; dwell: lives on a farm. 5. To conduct one's life in a particular manner: lived frugally. 6. To pursue a positive, satisfying ...Feb 6, 2024 · Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of containers inside the pods using the livenessProbe and the readinessProbe. The livenessProbe serves as a diagnostic check to confirm if the container is alive. On the other hand, readinessProbe ensures that the container is healthy to serve incoming traffic. When the livenessProbe fails, … liveness (usually uncountable, plural livenesses) The property of being alive. (computing theory) A set of properties of a concurrent system that require the system to make progress despite the fact that its concurrently executing processes may have to take turns in critical sections. Anagrams [edit] Nevilses, evilness, veinless, vileness, vineless Sep 14, 2023 · Liveness detection is any technique used to detect a spoof attempt by determining whether the source of a biometric sample is a live human being or a fake representation. This is done using algorithms that analyze data collected from biometric sensors to determine whether the source is live or reproduced.Using health checks such as readiness and liveliness probes gives your Kubernetes services a solid foundation, better reliability, and higher uptime. Learn when …TCPSocketAction handler example. In this example, the liveness probe uses the TCP handler to check port 8080 is open and responding. With this configuration, the kubelet will attempt to open a socket to your container on the specified port. If the liveness probe fails, the container will be restarted. apiVersion: v1.Facial recognition with Active Liveness Detection technology . Face matching 1:1 between portrait images from a document data page, embedded electronic chip, selfie, external database. Face identification 1:N of an image against a database of faces you utilize. Extended face attributes retrieval (age, emotions, hats, glasses, masks, etc.) 쉽게 말하자면 라이브 여부를 확인하는 기술입니다. Live의 여부를 Detect 하는 것이 Liveness Detection (라이브니스 디텍션)의 뜻입니다. 아르고스 KYC처럼 다양한 국가에서 제출되는 신분증과 셀카 사진 (selfie)을 확인하며 KYC를 진행해야 하는 경우 신분증이나 셀피 ... Next, in the liveness detection phase, the mirror is made impermeable for light and a part of the fingertip placed on the aperture is mirrored to the right and projected on the CCD/CMOS camera by a macro lens. The latter part of the system is used to acquire a video sequence for the liveness detection analysis. 2.9.2.Mar 25, 2020 · Liveness and Readiness in Kubernetes. In Kubernetes, the Liveness and Readiness Kubernetes concepts represent facets of the application state. The Liveness state of an application tells whether the internal state is valid. If Liveness is broken, this means that the application itself is in a failed state and cannot recover from it.LIVELINESS definition: 1. the quality of being interesting and exciting: 2. the quality of being full of energy and…. Learn more.Nov 5, 2019 · Abstract. Liveness is the central topic within this contribution to our book. Auslander and van Es discuss the concept of “Liveness”. Auslander can hereby be seen to be one of the “veterans” in the study of liveness and therefore one of the central temporalities we encounter in relation to media and other performance arts. Dec 23, 2021 · Safety and Liveness Guarantees through Reach-Avoid Reinforcement Learning. Reach-avoid optimal control problems, in which the system must reach certain goal conditions while staying clear of unacceptable failure modes, are central to safety and liveness assurance for autonomous robotic systems, but their exact solutions are …4 days ago · Definitions of liveness. noun. the property of being animated; having animal life as distinguished from plant life. synonyms: aliveness, animateness. see more. The pod descriptor defines an httpGet liveness probe, which tells Kubernetes to periodically perform HTTP Get requests on path /healthz on Port 8080 to determine if the container is still healthy. The periodSeconds field specifies that the kubelet should perform a liveness probe every 3 seconds. The initialDelaySeconds field tells the …Apr 24, 2019 · Liveness assurance methods aim at protecting biometrics devices from such spoof attacks. When a biometric is scanned, various approaches are implemented to determine the liveness of this biometric. Measuring heartbeats, estimating 2D and 3D face proportions, evaluating the quality of scanned faces and detecting heat radiating from scanned ... nodejs-health-checker-lw. The main purpose of this package is to substitute nodejs-health-checker package and standardize the liveness and readiness actions for Nodejs applications running in Kubernetes deployments, without adding complexity and extra package installs. healthcheck. health-check. health-checker.Active liveness detection operates with precision and attentiveness, crucial for robust biometric authentication. It captures multiple images (at least two) of the user in motion, often requiring facial movements. Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities analyse and confirm the identity of a real person.Feb 6, 2024 · Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of containers inside the pods using the livenessProbe and the readinessProbe. The livenessProbe serves as a diagnostic check to confirm if the container is alive. On the other hand, readinessProbe ensures that the container is healthy to serve incoming traffic. When the livenessProbe fails, …Jun 8, 2023 · Kubernetes uses liveness probes to determine when to restart a container. Readiness probes determine whether a container can receive traffic. These probes can be used to delay sending traffic to a new instance until an application has completed tasks. Startup probes detect when an application inside a container finishes its initialization. Liveness, Reverberation Time, and Early Decay Time. Liveness or reverberation is the most recognizable acoustical parameter associated with concert halls. The reverberation …Configure a Liveness Check. Configuring a Liveness Check in Connected Mode. Flex Gateway includes the following CLI command to test gateway health: flexctl probe --check=liveness. If the Flex Gateway instance is running normally, the command returns an exit code of 0. Otherwise, the gateway is unhealthy and the command returns a 1.Apr 14, 2024 · Description. This volume brings together dynamic perspectives on the concept of liveness in the performing arts, engaging with the live through the particular analytical focus of audiences and experience. The status and significance of the live in performance has become contested: perceived as variously as a marker of ontological … In the Topology view, click on the application node to see the side panel. Click the Monitoring tab to see the health check failures in the Events (Warning) section. Click the down arrow adjoining Events (Warning) to see the details of the health check failure. Additional resources. Description. This volume brings together dynamic perspectives on the concept of liveness in the performing arts, engaging with the live through the particular analytical focus of audiences and experience. The status and significance of the live in performance has become contested: perceived as variously as a marker of ontological difference, a ... Liveness detection is a highly desirable, yet rather unexplored anti-spoofing measure in biometric identity authentication [1], [2]. Especially in face analysis only a few approaches address this subject: in [3] , a depth map is constructed by recovering 3D structure from motion, which is in idea similar to our approach, since a live head and a …In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is …Abstract. Television's liveness has long been seen as one of its key features. This paper argues that “liveness” is not a textual feature, but a more fundamental category (in Durkheim's sense) that contributes to underlying conceptions of how media are involved in social organization through their provision of privileged access to central social “realities.”La detección de liveness es una técnica de autenticación para verificar que una persona está físicamente presente durante un proceso de verificación de identidad y no utilizando una fuente falsa de … Live-variable analysis. In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the ... We call the broad class of all properties temporal properties. There are two kinds of temporal properties: “safety” properties say our system doesn’t do bad things. “liveness” properties say our system always does a good thing. “We do not violate any database constraints” is safety, “All transactions either complete or roll back ... Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness analyzes a short selfie video to detect spoofs presented to the camera, such as printed photos, digital photos, digital videos, or 3D masks, as well as spoofs that bypass the camera, such as pre-recorded or deepfake videos. Face Liveness is a fully managed feature that can be easily added to your React web ... Nov 13, 2023 · Liveness Probe—indicates if the container is operating. If so, no action is taken. If not, the kubelet kills and restarts the container. Learn more in our guide to Kubernetes liveness probes. Readiness Probe—indicates whether the application running in the container is ready to accept requests. If so, Services matching the pod are allowed ... Nov 15, 2023 · The new Face API liveness detection is a combination of mobile SDK and Azure AI service. It is conformant to ISO/IEC 30107-3 PAD (Presentation Attack Detection) standards as validated by iBeta level 1 and level 2 conformance testing. It successfully defends against a plethora of spoof types ranging from paper printouts, 2D/3D masks, and spoof ... On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name …Jan 27, 2024 · However, since Spring Boot 2.3.2, this property is deprecated due to configuration confusion. If we work with Spring Boot 2.3.2, we can use the new properties to enable liveness and readiness probes: management.endpoint.health.probes.enabled=true. management.health.livenessState.enabled=true. Sep 6, 2014 · liveness analysis, by definition a variable x is deemed lived at line l if and only if the fact live(l;x) is in the saturated database. This may seem like an unreasonably expensive way to compute liveness, but in fact it can be quite efficient, both in theory and practice. In theory, we can look at the rules and determine their theoretical ... Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. But, my need is to fetch some deployment/runtime details from k8s. for ex; in our deployment we have 3 web applications, kafka, couple of databases etc. Let us call those apps as ms-A, ms-B, ms-C. And say 2 instances of each are running. Assuming that liveness, readiness probes are configured, kubernetes now has that information.Oz Liveness is a leading facial recognition and authentication software used by private and public organizations across the globe to lower the risk of biometric fraud by preventing deepfake and spoofing attacks with 100% accuracy, validated by the industry’s most rigorous testing standard, ISO 30107 certification.Nov 28, 2023 · Liveness配置 一种探测容器状态的探针，探测应用是否处于健康状态。如果不健康，则删除并重建容器。更多信息，请参见Pod Lifecycle。Readiness配置 一种探测容器状态的探针，探测应用是否启动完成并且处于正常服务状态。如果不正常，则更新容器的状态。Nov 13, 2023 · What is Kubernetes Liveness Probe. Liveness probes are a mechanism provided by Kubernetes which helps determine if applications running within containers are operational. This can help improve resilience and availability for Kubernetes pods. By default, Kubernetes controllers check if a pod is running, and if not, restart it according to … Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture addresses what may be the single most important question facing all kinds of performance today. What is the status of live performance in a culture dominated by mass media and digital technologies? Since its first appearance, Philip Auslander’s groundbreaking book has helped to reconfigure a new area of study. Looking at specific instances of ... nodejs-health-checker-lw. The main purpose of this package is to substitute nodejs-health-checker package and standardize the liveness and readiness actions for Nodejs applications running in Kubernetes deployments, without adding complexity and extra package installs. healthcheck. health-check. health-checker.VIDA uses top-global AI biometric verification technology to help you automate the identity verification process using liveness detection and based on an authoritative identity data source. VIDA Regulatory Compliance Exceptional Features. With global top-ranked Face Recognition technology and legal identity database, enhance ...Looking at specific instances of live performance such as theatre, music, sport, and courtroom testimony, Liveness offers penetrating insights into media culture, …Liveness. In this paper, by “live”, we mean “live-in”, which in the context of a program in strict SSA form can be defined as follows. A variable a is live-in at point q if there exists a path in the CFG from q to a use of a that does not go through the definition of a.. 2.2 Liveness Checking. Boissinot et al.’s algorithm answers liveness queries efficiently …face liveness detection activate, the script asks the person to generate an action, for example one of the actions they may ask you to do is smile, turn your face to the right, get angry, blink, etc. The actions are requested randomly, after fulfilling all the actions it generates a message saying "liveness successful" or "liveness fail".Protect against identity spoofing by automatically comparing a selfie to the ID portrait with a 3-point composite and liveness checks. Get a demo. Try it now. Trusted by startups & the world’s largest companies. Verify users’ physical identity during onboarding.The pod descriptor defines an httpGet liveness probe, which tells Kubernetes to periodically perform HTTP Get requests on path /healthz on Port 8080 to determine if the container is still healthy. The periodSeconds field specifies that the kubelet should perform a liveness probe every 3 seconds. The initialDelaySeconds field tells the …On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name …6 days ago · After the liveness probe is configured, and any startup probe is successful, Cloud Run makes a health check request to the service. If a liveness probe does not succeed within the specified time (failureThreshold * periodSeconds), the container is shut down using a SIGKILL signal. After the container is shut down, Cloud Run autoscaling starts ... Spring Boot中Liveness 与 Readiness探针. 1. Overview. In this tutorial, we’re going to see how Spring Boot 2.3 integrates with Kubernetes probes to create an even more pleasant cloud-native experience. First, we’ll start with a little bit of a background on Kubernetes probes. Then we’ll switch gears and see how Spring Boot 2.3 supports ...Aug 30, 2022 · 介绍K8S 提供了3种探针readinessProbe livenessProbe startupProbe（这个1.16版本增加的）1、startupProbereadinessProbe：指示容器是否准备好服务请求（是否启动完成并就绪）。. 绪探针初始延迟之前的就绪状态默认为Failure，待容器启动成功弹指指标探测结果为成功后，状态变更 ...Omnichannel Liveness Detection helps to close the security gap on web channels by preventing hackers from gaining easy access. “Liveness Detection completes the identity verification flow, while at the same time ensuring a positive customer experience,” said Brian Swanson, Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer Bank at …We are the LIVENESS Research Group based at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, with core collaborators in London, UK and Tampere, Finland.. We explore the intersections of liveness, game structures and rules, and the digital. The digital and the physical have never been in opposition, and this makes the challenge of producing culture that does … Live-variable analysis. In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the ... 爱词霸权威在线词典,为您提供liveness的中文意思,liveness的用法讲解,liveness的读音,liveness的同义词,liveness的反义词,liveness 的例句等英语服务。首页 翻译 背单词 写作校对 词霸下载 用户反馈 专栏平台 登录 liveness是什么意思_liveness用英语怎么说 ...Jul 19, 2022 · Probes have a number of fields that can be used to more precisely control the behavior of liveness and readiness checks. initialDelaySeconds: Number of seconds after the container has started ...It got fixed, actual issue is due to deployment.yml file, liveness and readyness probes are mapped to 8090 but start probe was mapped to 8080 by the team. Due to this deployment got failed. Share. Improve this answer. Follow answered Jul 17, 2023 at 13:48. Sat Sat. 3,970 10 10 ...4 days ago · Definitions of liveness. noun. the property of being animated; having animal life as distinguished from plant life. synonyms: aliveness, animateness. see more. Liveness and Readiness probes are Kubernetes capabilities that enable teams to make their containerised applications more reliable and robust. However, if used inappropriately they can result in none of the intended benefits, and can actually make a microservice based application unstable. The purpose of each probe is quite simple and …2 days ago · Liveness detection is used to defeat presentation attacks, a type of attack in which a fraudster uses a fake representation of a biometric input like a face. Though LD helps make biometric authentication more secure, it has its weaknesses, such as spoofing attacks from deepfake technology. Deepfakes can fool some types of liveness checks ...Apr 4, 2024 · Exec probes are Liveness or Readiness probes specifically intended for VMs. These probes run a command inside the VM and determine the VM ready/live state based on its success. For running commands inside the VMs, the qemu-guest-agent package is used. A command supplied to an exec probe will be wrapped by virt-probe in the …Here’s how readiness and liveness state changes in terms of application lifecycle events in Spring: Registering listeners and initializers. Preparing the Environment. Preparing the ApplicationContext. Loading bean definitions. Changing the liveness state to CORRECT. Calling the application and command-line runners.Deep Learning meets Liveness Detection: Recent Advancements and Challenges. Arian Sabaghi, Marzieh Oghbaie, Kooshan Hashemifard, Mohammad Akbari. Facial biometrics has been recently received tremendous attention as a convenient replacement for traditional authentication systems. Consequently, detecting malicious …Feb 6, 2024 · Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of containers inside the pods using the livenessProbe and the readinessProbe. The livenessProbe serves as a diagnostic check to confirm if the container is alive. On the other hand, readinessProbe ensures that the container is healthy to serve incoming traffic. When the livenessProbe fails, …Liveness detection refers to technology that confirms the user is a real, live person. It detects eye movements, head rotation, and uses 3D depth perception to …Liveness command. This deployment defines a livenessProbe that supports an exec liveness command that acts as the liveness check. If this command exits with a non-zero value, the container is killed and restarted, signaling the healthy file could not be found. If this command exits successfully with exit code 0, no action is taken.Liveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam …
Description. This volume brings together dynamic perspectives on the concept of liveness in the performing arts, engaging with the live through the particular analytical focus of audiences and experience. The status and significance of the live in performance has become contested: perceived as variously as a marker of ontological difference, a ... . Www.ucbi.com
Readiness probes are used to check if a pod is ready to receive traffic. Only after a successful probe, traffic is routed to the pod. Liveness probes work the same way as readiness probes and check periodically if a pod is still alive. If a pod is not alive anymore, Kubernetes restarts it. .Jul 18, 2022 · Kubernetes 健康检查包含就绪检查(readinessProbe)和存活检查(livenessProbe) pod 如果就绪检查失败会将此 pod ip 从 service 中摘除，通过 service 访问，流量将不会被转发给就绪检查失败的 pod ，pod 如果存活检查失败，kubelet 将会杀死容器并尝试重启。. 健康检查失败的可能 ...With the rapid development of fingerprint recognition systems, fingerprint liveness detection is gradually becoming regarded as the main countermeasure to protect the fingerprint identification system from spoofing attacks. Convolutional neural networks have shown great potential in fingerprint liveness detection. However, the generalization … Alas, verifying liveness properties is computationally expensive and in some cases undecidable. Existing verification techniques do not scale to verify such properties. In this work, we provide a compositional programming abstraction that decouples reachability from stateful network functions. We then model the behavior of the programs ... Configure a Liveness Check. Configuring a Liveness Check in Connected Mode. Flex Gateway includes the following CLI command to test gateway health: flexctl probe --check=liveness. If the Flex Gateway instance is running normally, the command returns an exit code of 0. Otherwise, the gateway is unhealthy and the command returns a 1. Note: We recommend customers to explore Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness, a new feature to deter fraud in facial verification, that is now generally available. Face Liveness detects spoofs presented to the camera (e.g. printed photos, digital photos or videos, or 3D masks) and spoofs that bypass the camera (e.g. pre-recorded real or …Kubernetes liveness probe on a secure mTLS health check endpoint. 0. mTLS between services in K8S. 2. Kubernetes https communication. 3. Need help in configuring a simple TLS/SSL within k8s cluster for pod to pod communication over https. Hot Network QuestionsManage liveness tests. When you configure a GTM property, you can configure liveness tests to determine whether the data centers associated with the property are up. Once a liveness test is configured, GTM answers queries for the property with the A or AAAA records of servers in your data centers which it considers to be live (up).Kubernetes offers two types of health checks: readiness and liveness, and both of them have their own purpose. In the context of this article will choose: /.well-known/live — for HTTP live probeLiveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam …nodejs-health-checker-lw. The main purpose of this package is to substitute nodejs-health-checker package and standardize the liveness and readiness actions for Nodejs applications running in Kubernetes deployments, without adding complexity and extra package installs. healthcheck. health-check. health-checker.Increasingly media are asserting themselves as live. In television, this has been an important strategy and recently it has been employed by new media platforms …We study liveness and model checking problems for broadcast networks, a system model of identical clients communicating via message passing. The first problem that we consider is Liveness Verification. It asks whether there is a computation such that one clients visits a final state infinitely often. The complexity of the problem has been open. It …Readiness probes are used to check if a pod is ready to receive traffic. Only after a successful probe, traffic is routed to the pod. Liveness probes work the same way as readiness probes and check periodically if a pod is still alive. If a pod is not alive anymore, Kubernetes restarts it. .Apr 7, 2023 · Liveness detection is a technology used to determine whether a biometric, such as a facial image or a voice recording, is captured from a live person or from a spoofed source. By implementing liveness detection, businesses can prevent fraud attempts, such as presenting a photo or video instead of a real person during identity verification. Liveness detection. In addition to a biometric check, a liveness detection program can be used, to verify the user’s presence. Active liveness detection refers a method where the user performs an action, such as blinking, making facial movements or keystroking, which makes it more difficult for a fraudster to trick the system. < Biometric check.6 days ago · After the liveness probe is configured, and any startup probe is successful, Cloud Run makes a health check request to the service. If a liveness probe does not succeed within the specified time (failureThreshold * periodSeconds), the container is shut down using a SIGKILL signal. After the container is shut down, Cloud Run autoscaling starts ... Liveness is a complex and contested term that traverses performance, media, and music studies. It refers to the co-presence of performers and spectators, but also to the ideology, technology, and ontology of performance in a changing media environment. 쉽게 말하자면 라이브 여부를 확인하는 기술입니다. Live의 여부를 Detect 하는 것이 Liveness Detection (라이브니스 디텍션)의 뜻입니다. 아르고스 KYC처럼 다양한 국가에서 제출되는 신분증과 셀카 사진 (selfie)을 확인하며 KYC를 진행해야 하는 경우 신분증이나 셀피 ... Jan 24, 2024 · Abstract ¶. This document introduces data flow analysis in an informal way. The goal is to give the reader an intuitive understanding of how it works, and show how it applies to a range of refactoring and bug finding problems. Data flow analysis is a well-established technique; it is described in many papers, books, and videos..