Explore the impact of the Florida's Native American tribes and culture throughout the centuries. ... British colonists from Georgia and the Carolinas and their Creek allies attacked and brought an abrupt end to the Spanish missions in the early 1700s. ... Visitors can learn more about these cultures at the Miccosukee Indian Village and Ah-Tah ...The tribes are connected by a network of doubles lines representing footpaths. Along the left side of the map is a depiction of the city of Charleston, with its rectangular street grid pattern and a ship in the harbor. ... Sometime around 1770 the Cherokee inflamed other Indian factions in Georgia when, in the words of one geographer, they ...The following map shows the Indian trails of the Coastal Plain (after Hemperly 1979) and a more general look at the major Indian tribes identified in Georgia's Historical period. Desoto's trek across Georgia connected several of these dots and appears to follow several of these main trails, much like today's traveler would follow our current ...The BIA requires Native Americans to prove their genealogical descent from listed members of historical Indian tribes in 1900. However, until the early 1970s it was not legal for Indians to live in Alabama and Georgia. Native Americans were given two options by census takers. They could say that they were either “white” or “colored.”Other groups that identify as being Native American tribes but lack federal or state recognition are listed in the List of organizations that self-identify as Native ... In 2007, the state legislature formally recognized the following as American Indian tribes of Georgia: Cherokee of Georgia Tribal Council. Georgia Tribe of Eastern ...The Seminole People. The Seminole people are one of the largest and oldest native American tribes in Florida. They belong to the Creek peoples who were primarily located in Georgia, Alabama, and North Florida before European contact. In the 1700s and 1800s, the Seminole people moved further south into what is now known as central …Georgia’s Native American heritage is a tapestry rich in culture, history, and natural beauty. Beyond the Indian burial grounds in Georgia, there are more paths to explore, each offering a unique perspective on the lives, traditions, and legacy of the Native American tribes that once called this land home.Native American Heritage Month is a great time to explore all the cultural sites related to Georgia’s early inhabitants. The Trail of Tears evicted the “five civilized tribes”—Cherokee ...2. Navajo. The Navajo are Native American people of the Southwestern United States. The Navajo divided between two federally recognized tribes. The titles are Navajo Nation and the Colorado River Indian Tribes. 3. Sioux. You may also like: 15 Most Famous Native American Actresses. The Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns was created by the Georgia General Assembly and is the only state entity specifically authorized to address the concerns of Georgia's American Indians. It is tasked with fostering the cultural heritage of American Indians in Georgia, advising state and local government on issues affecting American ... Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (formerly Ocmulgee National Monument) in Macon, Georgia, United States preserves traces of over ten millennia of culture from the Native Americans in the Southeastern Woodlands.Its chief remains are major earthworks built before 1000 CE by the South Appalachian Mississippian culture (a regional …Indian removal was the United States government policy of forced displacement of self-governing tribes of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River – specifically, to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, present-day Oklahoma ). [1] [2] [3] The Indian Removal Act, the ...Map A map of that part of Georgia occupied by the Cherokee Indians, taken from an actual survey made during the present year 1831, in pursuance of an act of the general assembly of the state : this interesting tract of country contains four millions three hundred & sixty six thousand five hundred & fifty four acres, many rich gold mines & many delightful …The term Dakota refers to a dialect of Siouxan language and to a group of people. The word itself means “ally.” The Dakota, Nakota and Lakota tribes are also known as Sioux. The Da...The Creek Indians, also known as the Muscogee people, are a Native American tribe that has a rich history in the state of Georgia. They were one of the …Until the 1760s, the Creeks were a distinct minority in Georgia. Some tribes in Georgia’s river valleys reformed and disbanded around A.D. 1400, eventually becoming smaller tribes. After their home in Georgia was destroyed, Creek Indians were forced to leave and relocate to new areas, such as Mississippi.Reviews & Detailed Information about Mortgage Rates offered in Georgia. Compare to Popular Offers & Apply Online for the Best Mortgage Rate. We work hard to show you up-to-date pro...Their fossils were found in Ladds Cave in Cartersville, GA. Mastodon teeth have been found in several valleys of northern Georgia. By 9,000 BC all the megafauna species in the region had disappeared. No Paleo-Indian Period occupation sites within a 50 mile range of Track Rock Gap have been professionally studied.Tribal Council. The mission of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians is to protect our inherent rights as a sovereign American Indian Tribe, promote our culture and beliefs, to help our Tribal Members achieve their highest potential, maintain good relations with other Indian Tribes and units of government,acquire, develop and conserve resources to achieve …Five assimilated tribes, the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminoles, known as the “Five Civilized Tribes” negotiated approximately thirty treaties with the United States between 1789 and 1825. In 1824, President Monroe announced to Congress that he thought all Indians should be relocated west of the Mississippi.Georgia (1831). Over the years, the trust ... Likewise, the eligibility criteria for enrollment (or membership) in a tribe will differ from tribe to tribe.Muscogee (Creek) Nation is a self-governed Native American tribe located in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. MCN is one of the 5 Civilized Tribes and is the fourth largest tribe in the U.S. with 100,766 citizens. The government side of the tribe is made up of an executive branch, a legislative body and a tribal court system. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, who went to Georgia with the first settlers, began negotiating treaties with local Indian tribes, especially the Upper Creek tribe. Knowing that the Spanish, based in Florida, had great influence with many of the tribes in the region, Oglethorpe thought it necessary to reach an understanding with these native peoples if ... Created / Published. Milledgeville, Ga. : John Bethune, 1831. Headings. - Georgia--Maps; - Cherokee Indians--Georgia ...Only two bird effigies are known to exist east of the Mississippi, and both are in Putnam County, Georgia. Rock Eagle in Eatonton is the largest of them at 102 feet long and 120 feet from tip to tip. Scientists estimate that it was created 1,000-3,000 years ago, making it the second oldest Indian mound in Georgia, after the Sapelo Island Shell ... Housing assistance for Native Americans. The government offers funding to tribes and Native American individuals and families to build, buy, and renovate housing. See a list of federally recognized Native American tribes and Alaska Native entities. Learn about food, housing, and financial assistance programs. NATIVE AMERICAN. HERITAGE MONTH. Contact Us. ABOUT THE COUNCIL. The Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns was created by the Georgia General …History, Memory, and Georgia’s Native Peoples At a Glance Time: 45 m Grade Level: 4-12 Description: Brief introduction to the histo-ry of the Native American groups with histo-ry in the state of Georgia. Visualize differences in the quantity and quality of sources on each tribe. Consider how participants’ perceptionsNORCROSS, GA / ACCESSWIRE / June 15, 2021 / Success is nothing new for the IT consultants and education experts at IBEX. The Georgia-based enterpr... NORCROSS, GA / ACCESSWIRE / Ju...The State of Georgia’s position was that the Cherokees were a northern tribe, not indigenous to the state. Therefore, they could not be considered to be sovereign over any territory. Also, an agreement between the Federal government and Georgia in 1798 had promised Georgia that all Native Americans would be removed from the state after it ...Thinking about moving to Georgia? Get ready for hot and steamy summers and a state with a deep sense of history. Whether you settle in Atlanta or in one... Calculators Helpful Guid...Georgia's First People. Native American Resources · The Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee P. O. Box 1993, Dahlonega GA 30533; · The Lower Muscogee Creek TribeIndian tribes living there are the main obstacle to westward expansion. 1802: Compact of 1802 ... The act infuriates Georgia politicians. May 28, 1830: Indian Removal Act Authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties with eastern tribes exchanging their lands for land in the West. All costs of migration and financial aid to assist ...Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831). Under this doctrine, tribes possess sovereign immunity from suit in the same way as the United States and the states. ... Kagama, 118 U.S. 375, 381 (1886) ( “[T]he Indian tribes residing within the territorial limits of the United States are subject to their authority, and where the country occupied by them ...The Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns was created by the Georgia General Assembly and is the only state entity specifically authorized to address the concerns of Georgia's American Indians. It is tasked with fostering the cultural heritage of American Indians in Georgia, advising state and local government on issues affecting American ...Two. Pink. Lines. I’ve never wanted to see anything more in my life than two pink lines. Two pink lines would mean that I’d succeeded, that I’d been t...It’s an ongoing epic that stands intertwined with the very identity of America. Native American Tribes Map - US History Classroom School Poster. Amazon. $ 10.99. 1650 US Map Native American Indian Tribes Languages | Historical Poster (23"x31") Amazon. $ …Two. Pink. Lines. I’ve never wanted to see anything more in my life than two pink lines. Two pink lines would mean that I’d succeeded, that I’d been t...Nov 19, 2004 · Cherokee Removal. In 1838 and 1839 U.S. troops, prompted by the state of Georgia, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. The removal of the Cherokees was a product of the demand for arable land during the rampant growth of cotton agriculture ... Upon defeat, the Creeks ceded 23,000,000 acres of land (half of Alabama and part of southern Georgia); they were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in the 1830s. There with the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, they constituted one of the Five Civilized Tribes. For three-quarters of a century each tribe …Creek Tribe History. The Creek Tribe, as they were known to Europeans, were a Native American tribe that occupied a large area of land in what is now known as Georgia and Alabama, called Ocmulgee ...Feb 6, 2023 · The Cherokee Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in Georgia, with a total membership of over 12,000. The Cherokee were one of the first Native American tribes to be forcibly relocated by the US government, in what is now known as the Trail of Tears. The Cherokee Nation reservation in Georgia is located in the northeastern part of ... Ferrari 360 Modena bearing a plate from the Cherokee Nation. Several Native American tribes within the United States register motor vehicles and issue license plates to those vehicles. The legal status of these plates varies by tribe, with some being recognized by the federal government and others not. Some nations issue plates for both tribal ...Five assimilated tribes, the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminoles, known as the “Five Civilized Tribes” negotiated approximately thirty treaties with the United States between 1789 and 1825. In 1824, President Monroe announced to Congress that he thought all Indians should be relocated west of the Mississippi.USA Native American Indian Tribes Map - Pictorial Map Wall Poster, Wall Art Decor, Vintage Decorations - Indian People Map in America - Gift for Men, Women, Kids, Teens, Teachers - USA Made - 23"x35" ... Find Native American Indian Music in Augusta, Georgia Defiance in the Face of Conquest. This was a time when individual native leaders, with ...There are a total of four federally recognized Native American tribes in Georgia, as well as a number of state-recognized tribes. Of the federally recognized tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the Muscogee …It is named after John Forsyth, Governor of Georgia from 1827–1829 and Secretary of State under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. Forsyth County is bordered on the north by Dawson County and the east by Hall County. Lake Lanier now covers the two counties boundary. Gwinnett County forms a short southwestern boundary of Forsyth.The names of the Georgia tribes included the Apalachee, Choctaw, Cherokee, Hitchiti, Oconee, Miccosukee, Muskogee Creek, Timucua, Yamasee, Guale, Shawnee and the Yuchi. History of Georgia Indians - The French Indian Wars (1688 - 1763) was a generic names for a series of wars, battles and conflicts involving the …If an employer in the state of Georgia writes a bad check to you, he may be subject to legal repercussions. However, if your employer did not intentionally write a bad check and be... Georgia's Yuchi Indians were one of many refugee tribes in the area during the eighteenth century. They eventually joined with the Lower Creek Indians. Here the Yuchi Indians are depicted in a war dance. Most Native American places in Georgia research summary.We used Saturday Night Science to research the Georgia cities with the highest percentage of Native American residents for 2024. The data comes from the American Community Survey 2018-2022 vintage, which breaks down race by origin.. The city with the highest percentage of …If you’re a die-hard Cleveland Indians fan, there’s no better place to stay up-to-date on all things Tribe than the official Cleveland Indians website. The “News” section is your g...There are three tribes in Georgia which are recognized by the state as descendants of those people: The Cherokee Indians of Georgia: PO Box 337. St. George, GA 31646. The …In Georgia. While many Native Americans were expelled during the early 19th century from north Georgia (either through coercion or through forced removal), some Native Americans remained. The state of Georgia's Council on American Indian Concerns has more information at ...Tribal Council. The mission of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians is to protect our inherent rights as a sovereign American Indian Tribe, promote our culture and beliefs, to help our Tribal Members achieve their highest potential, maintain good relations with other Indian Tribes and units of government,acquire, develop and conserve resources to achieve …One of the most well-known Native American tribes in Georgia is the Cherokee tribe. They were part of the Iroquoian language family and occupied large …Indian tribes living there are the main obstacle to westward expansion. 1802: Compact of 1802 ... The act infuriates Georgia politicians. May 28, 1830: Indian Removal Act Authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties with eastern tribes exchanging their lands for land in the West. All costs of migration and financial aid to assist ...Idea for Use in the Classroom. The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokee people from their ancestral lands in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina to new …In a remote corner of eastern India’s Odisha province, some of the country’s most marginalized people are deciding whether a $1.7 billion bauxite mining project should be allowed o... Creek Indian Jay McGirt discusses William McIntosh, son of a Creek woman and a Scotsman, who fought with the Americans during the War of 1812 and was given the rank of general. On February 12, 1825, Chief McIntosh signed a treaty at Indian Springs selling the remaining Creek land in Georgia. A reenactor describes his execution by his own people ... The Indigenous Peoples of Northern Georgia. During the earliest part of this Paleo-Indians period, an ice sheet covered the portion of North America above the Ohio River. Brasstown Bald probably had a permanent ice cap, while permafrost characterized its upper elevations. No evidence of glaciers has been found.Tomochichi was a chief of the Yamacraw Indians and played an important role in Georgia’s creation. The Yamacraw Indian tribe was an assortment of Creeks created by Tomochichi. The tribe consisted of about 200 people who lived near the Savannah River. When James Oglethorpe arrived in 1733, Oglethorpe wanted to create …Jan 4, 2023 ... The Siouan-speaking people were hunters and farmers. Their culture was similar to the Iroquois, Shawnee, and Cherokee. The Congaree or Conagree ...The term tribe is defined in the United States for some federal government purposes to include only tribes that are federally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act [43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.]. Such tribes, including Alaska Native village or regional or village corporations recognized …In 1825, in the Second Treaty of Indian Springs, McIntosh, along with only six other Creek chiefs, signed away all Creek land east of the Chattahoochee River for $200,000, eliminating any Creek claim to land in Georgia. This treaty violated a law, which McIntosh had originally supported, against ceding land to the United States without the …The locations were found on maps of lands ceded by the Indians in the early 1800s. The maps included many Indian trails, Wells said. Ten such trails have been identified west of the Cooper ...The Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns was created by the Georgia General Assembly and is the only state entity specifically authorized to address the concerns of Georgia's American Indians. The Council is tasked with: ... tribes and communities in Georgia, and other matters affecting the American Indian community. ...Income received by Native Americans from Indian country sources is exempt from personal income taxation. To be exempt, the taxpayer must be a member of a ...Year Erected: 1983. Marker Text: During the early 1800’s, northern Georgia was heart of the sovereign, independent Cherokee Indian Nation. By this time the Cherokee were the most progressive Indian tribe in North America. In 1821, they became the first American Indians with a written form of their native language, invented by Sequoyah, an ...Cherokee Removal. In 1838 and 1839 U.S. troops, prompted by the state of Georgia, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. The removal of the Cherokees was a product of the demand for arable land during the rampant growth of …The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians was formed by approximately 6,000 Choctaw people who, duing that time, refused to be removed to Oklahoma. ... The first American Indian tribe to be removed to Oklahoma, the Choctaw suffered greatly. Roughly 70,000 people were forced out of the region and at least 3,000 lost their lives on …Apr 12, 2023 · Human habitation in the area we now call Georgia is thought to have begun around 15,000 BCE. These groups, called the Paleo Indians, were nomadic bands of hunters who predominantly hunted Ice Age megafauna. As the climate in the southeastern part of North America began to warm, humans were able to thrive in the area of the Macon plateau ... Sep 29, 2017 · 1 Cherokee. In Georgia, the Cherokee nation has two tribes, the Cherokee Indians of Georgia (see Resources), based out of Albany, and the Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee (see Resources), whose offices are in Cumming. Historically, the Cherokee lived in the North Georgia Mountains region, near East Tennessee and North Carolina. Mississippian Period. The Mississippian Period in the midwestern and southeastern United States, which lasted from about A.D. 800 to 1600, saw the development of some of the most complex societies that ever existed in North America. Mississippian people were horticulturalists. They grew much of their food in small …Feb 25, 2024 · Worcester v. Georgia, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1832, held (5–1) that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land. Although Pres. Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the ruling, the decision helped form the basis for most subsequent law in the United States regarding Native Americans. Native Americans learned to set massive brush fires in the late autumn which cleared the landscape of shrubs and created natural pastures for deer, bison and elk. The Georgia Piedmont had numerous Woodland bison until they were killed off by British settlers in the mid-1700s. Bison may have also lived on the Coastal Plain in earlier times.Nov 9, 2009 ... In the southeastern United States, many Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek and Cherokee people adopted these customs and became known as the “ ...Cherokee Removal. In 1838 and 1839 U.S. troops, prompted by the state of Georgia, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. The removal of the Cherokees was a product of the demand for arable land during the rampant growth of …Mar 4, 2024 · Trail of Tears, in U.S. history, the forced relocation during the 1830s of Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Southeast region of the United States (including Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, among other nations) to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Estimates based on tribal and military records suggest that ... The tribes are connected by a network of doubles lines representing footpaths. Along the left side of the map is a depiction of the city of Charleston, with its rectangular street grid pattern and a ship in the harbor. ... Sometime around 1770 the Cherokee inflamed other Indian factions in Georgia when, in the words of one geographer, they ...
Here, the tribal council constructed a council house, supreme court, and the offices of the first Indian language and Cherokee newspaper. After removal, the area became a ghost town for more than 100 years. In 1954, the Georgia Historical Commission began its first excavation of the site. Many of the buildings were later restored or …. Invex tarjetas
11 Georgia. 12 Hawaii. 13 Idaho. 14 Illinois. 15 Indiana. 16 Iowa. 17 Kansas. 18 Kentucky. 19 Louisiana. 20 Maine. 21 Maryland. 22 Massachusetts. 23 Michigan. 24 Minnesota. 25 Mississippi. 26 Missouri. ... Federally recognized tribes are those Native American tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs as holding a ...When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, there were only 10 counties in Georgia. Eight were originally created as parishes under colonial rule. Franklin and Washington counties were later created from land ceded by the Creeks and Cherokees. Today, there are no federally recognized Native American tribes in Georgia.The Apalachee are thought to be part of Fort Walton Culture, [citation needed] a Florida culture influenced by the Mississippian culture . The Apalachee were horticulturalists with stratified chiefdoms and sedentary towns and villages. [2] Like many other Southeastern tribes, they have an alternating dual governmental system with a war chief ...Little is known of the Jumano Indians’ spiritual or religious practices, although the historical record indicates it may have involved hallucinogens, such as peyote, as part of Jum...The Creek Indians, also known as the Muscogee, are a Native American tribe with a rich cultural heritage that spans thousands of years. They were one of the most prominent indigenous groups in the southeastern United States, particularly in the state of Georgia. The Creek Indians left behind a variety of artifacts that provide valuable …Georgia, 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 1 1 (1831) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1. ... Had the Indian tribes been foreign nations in the view of the convention, this exclusive power of regulating intercourse with them might have been, and most probably would have been, specifically given in language indicating that idea, not in language ...Etowah Mounds State Historic Site. 813 Indian Mounds Road SE, Cartersville GA • 770-387-3747 • Official Website. HOURS: Mon to Sun 9AM- 5PM. Designated a National Historic Landmark (one of just 49 in the state of Georgia ), the Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site is one of the largest of its kind in North America.The Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe is a remnant of the Original Muskogee Creek Confederacy, known as Creek Nation. We have three Treaties with the Colony of Georgia and 11 Treaties with the United States Government. ... Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns c/o State Parks & Historic Sites Georgia Department of Natural Resources. …Mississippian Period. The Mississippian Period in the midwestern and southeastern United States, which lasted from about A.D. 800 to 1600, saw the development of some of the most complex societies that ever existed in North America. Mississippian people were horticulturalists. They grew much of their food in small …The Apalachee are thought to be part of Fort Walton Culture, [citation needed] a Florida culture influenced by the Mississippian culture . The Apalachee were horticulturalists with stratified chiefdoms and sedentary towns and villages. [2] Like many other Southeastern tribes, they have an alternating dual governmental system with a war chief ...The Apalachee are thought to be part of Fort Walton Culture, [citation needed] a Florida culture influenced by the Mississippian culture . The Apalachee were horticulturalists with stratified chiefdoms and sedentary towns and villages. [2] Like many other Southeastern tribes, they have an alternating dual governmental system with a war chief ...When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, there were only 10 counties in Georgia. Eight were originally created as parishes under colonial rule. Franklin and Washington counties were later created from land ceded by the Creeks and Cherokees. Today, there are no federally recognized Native American tribes in Georgia.Jan 4, 2023 ... The Siouan-speaking people were hunters and farmers. Their culture was similar to the Iroquois, Shawnee, and Cherokee. The Congaree or Conagree ...Oct 23, 2023 · The city of Okmulgee was established as the capital, named after the original Muscogee capital in Georgia. The Principal Chief and National Council ran the affairs of the nation from Okmulgee. In 1898 the Curtis Act dissolved tribal government, and in 1907 Indian lands became part of the new state of Oklahoma. Timeline: The Georgia Indian Frontier, 1773-1783 1752 Georgia becomes a Crown Colony. 1760 John Stuart becomes superintendent of Indian tribes in the South. 1763 Last Indian land cession is made in Georgia. 1768 Crown attempts to set boundary between settlers and Indian tribes. 1771As a principal mediator between the native Creek (Muscogee) and English settlers during the first years of Georgia's settlement, Tomochichi (left) contributed to the establishment of …If you’re a die-hard Cleveland Indians fan, there’s no better place to stay up-to-date on all things Tribe than the official Cleveland Indians website. The “News” section is your g...Mar 4, 2024 · Trail of Tears, in U.S. history, the forced relocation during the 1830s of Eastern Woodlands Indians of the Southeast region of the United States (including Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, among other nations) to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Estimates based on tribal and military records suggest that ... The Indians of Georgia spoke an incredible number of languages. It would surprise most people to learn that there were as many differences between some of the languages spoken by native Georgians as there are between English and Chinese, and that these large differences did not directly coincide with differences in culture or ethnic identity.We are the North Georgia Cherokee Indians, a Native American (Cherokee) tribe and federal 501(c)(3) charitable organization located in the heart of the old Cherokee lands of Northern Georgia. Our tribe was founded by descendants of Cherokee Indians who remained in the state, many secretly, despite the Great Cherokee Removal Act of 1835. …It is the only comprehensive, up-to-date, and text-based overview of its kind in print. Drawing on an extensive body of archaeological and historical data, ....